Annotated Bibliography of the
African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP)
and the programs it has supported in
2001-2007
ACHAP Governance (8)
ACHAP Public Private Partnership (PPP)
to Address HIV/AIDS (27)
ACHAP Support of Botswana’s National
Response to the HIV Epidemic (10)
ACHAP Support of Botswana’s National
ARV Therapy Programme (Masa) (20)
ACHAP Support for the Training of HIV/AIDS
Health Care Professionals (10)
ACHAP Support of Routine HIV Testing
(7)
ACHAP Support of HIV/AIDS
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) (3)
ACHAP Support of HIV Prevention
and Behavior Change (12)
ACHAP Support of HIV/AIDS Monitoring and Surveillance
(6)
HIV/AIDS Program Financing (2)
Total annotations to date: 105
ACHAP
Governance
1. de Korte D.N. and Khan A.B. Progress of
the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP). XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona 2002; abstract MoPeG4298.
·
In this meeting abstract, ACHAP leaders reviewed the initial
impact of ACHAP on the Government of
2.
African
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships. ACHAP Annual
Report 2001-2002. ACHAP,
·
This report, by ACHAP’s first Project Leader Dr. D. De Korte, describes the first
two years of ACHAP’s operations, outlines the rationale for ACHAP and its
composition, the key challenges to address, and summarizes achievements that
include contributing to the creation of a six-year national HIV/AIDS strategic
framework and the launch of Masa, the continent’s first public sector national antiretroviral
treatment program.
3. Fantan T. and Pillai P. The African
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships (ACHAP) adherence to principles of
accountability. Int. Conf. AIDS.
2004; 15: abstract # E12847.
·
In this meeting abstract, ACHAP leaders examined accountability
processes and procedures followed by ACHAP in carrying out its mission to
support
4.
African
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships. ACHAP Review 2004,
ACHAP,
·
This second report of ACHAP’s operations, by ACHAP’s former
Executive Director T. Fantan, outlines the progress and achievements for ACHAP
since its inception, based on a formal evaluation, and recommends funding
priorities for the next phase of the ACHAP.
Specific topics include the ARV Masa treatment program; the establishment
of the Botswana HIV Information Management System (BHRIMS); investment in training
and capacity building in the Government, in healthcare workers and the educational
system; support for the Botswana Business Coalition on AIDS; the development of
various HIV/AIDS education, awareness and behavior change programs; and the
establishment of hospital-based resource centers.
5.
Rangan
K.V. ACHAP (African Comprehensive
HIV/AIDS Partnerships): The Merck/Gates Initiative in
·
This
6.
African
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships. ACHAP
Review 2005. ACHAP,
·
This third report of ACHAP’s operations, by former ACHAP
Executive Director T. Fantan, was approved by the ACHAP Board and outlines
progress and overall positive impact of key national ACHAP programs including
MASA, teacher capacity building, condom marketing and distribution, blood
safety and youth HIV prevention, hospital-based resource centers, NGO support
and expansion, and support for orphans/vulnerable children. It also reports on the progress of routine HIV/AIDS
testing and outlines the revised two-pronged focus of ACHAP from 2006-2009, to
continue to strengthen the national ARV testing and treatment, and to support
district activities to bring services closer to communities.
7. African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS
Partnerships. ACHAP Annual Report
2006. ACHAP,
·
This fourth report of ACHAP’s operations, by ACHAP’s Managing
Director Dr. Themba Moeti, outlines progress made during the first full year of
ACHAP’s revised strategic approach to partnership with the Government of
Botswana in its fight against the HIV epidemic. In particular, ACHAP’s
continued support of the national ART programme resulted in a cumulative total
of 79,490 patients on ARV treatment in both the public and private
sectors. In addition, ACHAP achieved its
target of establishing a presence in seven partner districts, enabling the
development of a completely new dimension to its partnership with Government.
·
These six-monthly newsletters
produced by ACHAP are used to inform
the ACHAP community and other interested stakeholders about the people involved
with ACHAP, and about specific programs and their impacts.
ACHAP
Public Private Partnership to Address HIV/AIDS
9. Weber J., Austin J. and Barrett D.
Merck Global Health Initiatives (B):
·
This
10. Clark P.A. and O’Brien
K. Fighting AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa:
is a public- private partnership a viable paradigm? Med. Sci.Monitor 2003; 9(9):ET28-39.
·
The authors of this article find
that the only remedy for the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan
11. Dyer G. “2 in 5”. Financial
Times Weekend. October 2003.
·
This media article describes the
start-up years of Botswana’s national ARV treatment program, with a focus on
the technical and financial assistance received from ACHAP.
12. Caines K. and Lush L. Impact
of Public Private Partnerships Addressing Access to Pharmaceuticals in Low
Income Countries. Initiative on Public Private Partnerships for
Health,
·
This report provides an overview,
with general conclusions and recommendations from a series of studies of drug
access programs in selected countries including
13.
Caines
K. et al. Assessing
the Impact of Global Health Partnerships. DFID Health Resource Centre,
·
This report is a substantial
assessment of the impact of the global health partnerships in which the
14. Case Study on The African
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships, in Africa
Health Day Booklet on Best Practices to
promote and highlight positive images of
·
The Africa Health Day 2004 was
organized by WHO in partnership with Africare, AMREF USA and Medilinks, to
begin to educate the American public about the many health programs in Africa
that support development, and so engender further support for programs. The booklet reports on best practices
showcased, including ACHAP.
15. Distlerath L. and McDonald G. The
African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships – A new role for multinational
corporations in global health policy.
Yale J. Health Policy, Law and
Ethics IV:1, 2004
·
This peer-reviewed article describes
the history and rationale for Merck’s involvement in
16. Distlerath L.M. and Khalil
·
In this meeting abstract, ACHAP experts describe the lessons
learned from the ACHAP experience in Botswana and recommend that these should
serve as a model and may help shape other HIV-related public-private
partnerships and funding initiatives worldwide.
17.
Grace
C. Leveraging
the Private Sector for Public Health Objectives. A briefing paper for DFID on technology
transfer in the pharmaceuticals sector.
·
This briefing paper from the
18. Sturchio, J. Partnership for Action:
The experience of the Accelerating Access Initiative, 2000-04, and lessons
learned. In The
Economics of Essential Medicines,
·
In this chapter, the author reviews
the experience of a private company, Merck, with the Accelerating Access
Initiative and related programs including ACHAP to address the HIV/AIDS
epidemic. It reviews the history and
background to the programs and offers lessons learned about partnerships that
might be applicable elsewhere.
19. Watson P. ed. The Front
Line in the War Against HIV/AIDS in Botswana: Case Studies from the African
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership. ACHAP,
·
This brochure collects several case
studies from ACHAP, to describe some
of the work being done and to highlight concrete results. Subjects covered include Botswana’s National
Strategic Framework 2003-2009; routine HIV testing; building teacher capacity
to confront HIV/AIDS; Masa - Botswana’s national ART program; training
healthcare workers; engaging traditional healers; community programs; Dula
Sentle – an orphan care program; and the Botswana Network of People Living With
HIV and AIDS (BONEPWA+). An aim of this publication is to inspire similar
initiatives in other parts of the world, and that some lessons learned may help other countries
design strategic interventions of their own.
20. Sullivan
J., Mpotokwane L., Majelantlhe C. et al .
The challenge
of mobilizing Botswana's private sector: case study of ACHAP's experience
forging partnerships with mining, transport, construction and hospitality
sector companies through a national mobile populations program. XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok 2004; abstract MoPeE4255.
·
In this meeting abstract, the
presenters described ACHAP’s role in
facilitating the development of a national multisectoral response to mobility
and HIV/AIDS. All companies contacted
expresses interest and more than half committed financial and/or other
resources toward specific needs, indicating that Botswana's private sector is
capable of doing more to scale-up local responses to HIV/AIDS. The authors
recommended looking beyond the international private sector and tapping into
the expertise, creativity and resources of local companies to support and
sustain national programs.
21. Sharp D. Not-for-profit drugs—no longer an
oxymoron? Lancet, 364: 1472-1474. 2004
·
This essay comments on the evolution
of public-private partnerships in health and medicines research, giving ACHAP as one example. It notes that while there are issues such as
sustainability of such partnerships, the concept of PPPs offers hope for
addressing health challenges.
22. Krull W. Editorial:
Helping to create symmetric partnerships: a new approach to supporting research
in Sub-Saharan Africa. Tropical Medicine &
International Health 2005; 10: 118.
·
This editorial piece calls for
greater balance in research and medicine in developed and developing countries,
cautioning against the “brain drain” taking place in sub-Saharan
23. Hilts P. Chapter 4: Changing Minds:
·
In this book about effective
strategies for addressing the HIV/IADS epidemic, New York Times reporter Philip
Hilts devotes a whole chapter to the creation and progress of ACHAP.
He outlines the successes, challenges and lessons learned, describing
ACHAP as the “most important experiment on AIDS ever done.”
24. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,
“Working with
·
This case study reviews the progress
to June 2006 of ACHAP and outlines
the extent of the HIV/AIDS challenge in
25.
International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and
Associations. Partnerships
to Build Healthier Societies in the Developing World. IFPMA,
·
This report summarizes the various
partnerships in which the pharmaceutical is involved, which directly help to
foster health in the developing world.
26.
·
This chapter provides an overview of
global public-private partnerships and develops a typology of PPPs, including
in-depth profiles of the main classes and types, such as ACHAP. It also examines why global PPPs have grown in prominence
and how likely this trend is to continue.
The three main findings are: 1) global PPPs come in many forms and with
many drivers; 2) that PPPs can help fill the gap when governments fail; 3) the
implications of global PPPs for the conventional system of international
cooperation are potentially far-reaching and mixed. The author discusses how the typology offered
can guide a more systematic approach to partnering, especially for
international organizations.
27. Nelson J. Business as a Partner in
Strengthening Public Health Systems in Developing Countries: An Agenda for
Action. International Business
Leaders Forum [Prince of Wales International Business Leaders Forum],
·
This report reviews the potential
for business to contribute to public health systems in developing countries. It
argues that while governments have the overall responsibility for ensuring that
health systems serve their populations more effectively, the business community
too can play a role. The paper outlines
an agenda for action in relation to a real public capacity gap that could be
filled by the private sector, and offers specific examples of how business can
be involved in filling financial, institutional and infrastructure, human
resource, public communications and education gaps as well as addressing the
lack of policy coordination, planning and monitoring at national levels.
28.
·
This peer-reviewed article by
experts at Harvard’s Center for Population and Development Studies examines ACHAP to help identify processes for
building highly collaborative public private partnerships for public health,
with a focus on the efforts to manage the complex underlying relationships.
29. Swidler A. Syncretism and subversion in AIDS governance: how
locals cope with global demands. Int. Aff. 2006; 82: 269-284.
·
This article raises theoretical
questions about culture and governance in organizational responses to AIDS in
sub-Saharan
30. World Economic Forum.
From Funding to Action: Strengthening Healthcare Systems in
Sub-Saharan Africa. WEF White
Paper, Center for Public-Private Partnerships, Global Health Initiative.
·
This white paper looks at the
barriers and identifies opportunities for business to get involved in
public-private partnerships that tackle the issues facing the region’s
healthcare systems.
31. McKie
J.E. et al. Corporate
social responsibility strategies aimed at the developing world: perspectives
from biosciences companies in the industrialised world. Int. J. Technology 2006; 8: 103-118.
·
This article reviews six mechanisms
being used by “bioscience” companies to address global health problems in the
developing world: drug donation programs, pricing strategies, building local
health capacity, public-private partnerships, benefit sharing, and charitable
foundations. ACHAP is the main example in the discussion of PPPs.
32. Merck & Co., Inc. Committed
to Making A Difference. Corporate
Responsibility Report 2004-2005.
·
Merck’s CR report summarizes the
Company’s CR rationale and objectives, and includes a section on ACHAP, providing the company’s
perspective on the partnership.
33.
Rosen S., Feeley F., Connelly P., Simon J. The
private sector and HIV/AIDS in Africa:
taking stock of six years of applied research. AIDS 21 (suppl
3):S41–S51, 2007.
·
The authors draw on the human
resource, financial and medical records of 16 large companies and from 7
surveys of small, medium, and large companies in South Africa, Uganda, Kenya,
Zambia, Ethiopia and Rwanda to conclude that AIDS is causing a moderate
increase in labor costs for most companies, with costs determined mainly by HIV
prevalence, employee skill level, and employment policies. Treatment of HIV-positive employees is a good
investment for many large companies.
Small companies have less capacity to respond to workforce illness and
little concern about it. Reference to
Debswana in Botswana are made. Research on the effectiveness of workplace
interventions is needed.
34.
Perry A. The
Halo Effect. Time Magazine. 20 September 2007.
·
This media article on corporate
social responsibility describes the contribution that the Merck Company has
made, through ACHAP, to the
launching of the first public sector antiretroviral treatment program in
Africa.
35.
Initiative on Public Private Partnerships for Health. Information about ACHAP is noted in the IPPPH database at www.ippph.org
ACHAP support of Botswana’s National Response to the
HIV Epidemic
36. The National Strategic
Framework for HIV/AIDS 2003-2009, National AIDS Coordinating Agency, 2002.
·
This policy paper from the
Government of
37. Smart T. and Alcorn K. A Report from Botswana's First National
Research Conference on HIV/AIDS/STI/Other Related Infectious Diseases. HIV & AIDS Treatment in Practice July 2002; 20.
·
This article reviews
38. Rollnick R. Botswana’s high stakes
assault on AIDS.
·
This article reviews the challenges
posed by HIV/AIDS in
39. Morrison S. and Hurlburt H. Botswana’s
Strategy to Combat HIV/AIDS: Lessons for Africa and President Bush’s Emergency
Plan for AIDS Relief. The Center for
Strategic and International Studies (CSIS),
·
This report of a high-level meeting
of the CSIS Task Force on HIV/AIDS reviewed the status of the HIV/AIDS epidemic
in
40. Allen T.
and Heald S. HIV/AIDS
policy in Africa: what has worked in Uganda and what has failed in Botswana?
J. Int. Dev. 2004; 16:
1141-1154.
·
This article by development
researchers Allen and Heald compares HIV/AIDS policies in
41. Stegman P.M., Percy-de Korte F. and
Mpotokwane L. Overcoming
obstacles to implementation: participation and the notion of resistance in the
development of the National Strategic Framework in Botswana. XV
International AIDS Conference, Bangkok 2004;
abstract E11060.
·
In this meeting abstract, ACHAP experts noted that stakeholder
resistance to the implementation of policies and programs to combat AIDS
resulted in poor outcomes, and recommended continuous engagement with
stakeholders to build the trust necessary to mediate social policy issues between
the state and society.
42. Nystrom S. The
Silent War in Africa – HIV/AIDS as a security threat in sub-Saharan Africa.
Student Thesis. Lund University 2005. (For ACHAP specifically see p. 36)
·
In this thesis, the author finds that
HIV/AIDS has serious impacts on security in Botswana and other countries in
sub-Saharan Africa: by lowering life expectancy and negatively affecting
health, HIV/AIDS gives rise to poverty, weakens the economy and the state’s
stability, thus constituting a considerable threat not only to personal and
community security but also to national and international security.
43. Heald S. Abstain or die. The development of HIV/AIDS policy in
Botswana. J. Biosoc. Sci. 2006 38(1): 29-41.
·
Using a variety of source material
including long-term ethnographic research, supported in part by ACHAP during a field visit to Botswana
in 2003, the author seeks to account for the failure of Western-inspired
approaches in dealing with the HIV epidemic. She postulates that Botswana’s
response was less successful than anticipated due to Western assumptions of
what constitutes good practice, which were at odds with local culture.
44. Smart T. Botswana mounts one of the most successful national
responses to HIV/AIDS — but can it maintain the momentum? AIDSmap News September 28, 2006.
·
According to this media article on
the 2006
45. Buse K, Harmer AM. Seven
habits of highly effective global public-private health partnerships: Practice and potential. Social Science and Medicine 2007 64: 259-271. (ACHAP
and Merck mentioned on page 267).
·
The authors outline seven
contributions made by global health partnerships (GHPs) to tackling diseases of
poverty, then identify seven habits many GHPs practice that result in
sub-optimal performance and negative externalities. These include: skewing
national priorities by imposing external ones; depriving specific stakeholders
a voice in decision-making; inadequate governance practices; misguided
assumptions of the efficiency of the public and private sectors; insufficient
resources to implement partnership activities and pay for alliance costs;
wasting resources through inadequate use of recipient country systems and poor harmonisation;
and inappropriate incentives for staff engaging in partnerships. The analysis
highlights areas where reforms are desirable and concludes by presenting seven
actions that would assist GHPs to adopt better habits which, it is hoped, would
make them highly effective and bring about better health in the developing
world.
ACHAP Support of Botswana
46. Weiser
S., Wolfe W. and Bangsberg D. et al. Barriers
to Antiretroviral Adherence for Patients Living with HIV Infection and AIDS in
Botswana. J. Acq. Imm. Defic. Syndr. 2003, 34: 281-288.
·
The authors of this peer-reviewed
article investigated barriers to adherence to ARV treatment in
47. Capstick S. and
·
In this meeting abstract, two former
ACHAP Clinical Preceptors describe how
a theoretical framework for implementing ARV therapy was implemented at the
community level in Botswana, and how it was used to deliver ARV therapy
effectively to a rural, resource limited community with a high HIV prevalence
if a well developed model is applied from initiation. The increase in nurse
responsibility has to be acknowledged. The preceptors recommended that this
model should be replicated in similar settings.
48. Darkoh E. and Mazonde P.N. Pros and cons
of a phased ARV scale up in Botswana. XV International AIDS Conference,
Bangkok 2004; abstract B11388.
·
In this meeting abstract, Government
and ACHAP experts describe how the
gradual, phased implementation of the national ARV program helped build
necessary technical expertise and learn lessons that could be used for future
implementation. This approach resulted
in perverse demand however and therefore the researchers recommended expanding
the treatment program as rapidly as possible.
49. Darkoh E., Ramotlhwa S.L., Mphele
T.S. et al. Scaling up ARV
therapy in resource limited settings: Botswana case study. XV International
AIDS Conference, Bangkok 2004; 15:
abstract ThPeB7144.
·
In this meeting abstract, Government
and ACHAP experts show that 90% of
people eligible for ARV treatment were not seeking it as they were not aware of
their HIV status. Therefore, the
researchers recommended the aggressive implementation of programs and policies to
promote early testing.
50. DeKorte D et al. Strategies for a
National AIDS Treatment Program in Botswana, ACHAP Program Series, July 2004.
· This booklet by ACHAP expert Dr. de Korte discusses possible strategies for rolling out a national AIDS treatment program and recommends using a variety of approac